Doctorates provide the expertise necessary for high-level research activities in both public and private institutions.
To be admitted to a doctoral programme you must hold a master degree or a suitable equivalent foreign qualification. You must also pass the selection examinations as stated in the competitive examination announcements, which are published annually.
At least half of the places on offer are covered by scholarships, which are generally funded by the MIUR (Ministry of University and Research), the University, or by external public and private institutions.