The fellows will become experts on the basic mechanisms of fuel-stimulated insulin secretion, the failure of which is ultimately the cause of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Secretion of the hormone is controlled by metabolism of fuels in the beta-cell. Cellular metabolism generates coupling signals, which impact on ion channels and/or the exocytotic machinery in the beta-cell. The current lesson from the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of T2D is that most identified gene variants associated with the disease are implicated in in beta-cell function.