The three PhD candidates will carry out video analysis of CCTV footage of emergencies in Amsterdam and Cape Town. The video analysis will provide insights into how helping happens in specific emergency contexts. PhD1 will focus on two-sided emergencies (e.g. street fights or quarrels in shops); PhD2 on one-sided emergencies (e.g. robberies or sexual assaults), and PhD3 on non-sided emergencies (e.g. medical or traffic incidences).