The first pair of Ph.D. researchers will explore seventeenth-century Amsterdam’s intellectual history, that is, the early modern Portuguese Jewish body of social-political and legal thought on diversity, identity, and global trade relations as found in the holdings of Ets Haim/Livraria Montezinos, as well as some related other collections, and the second pair of Ph.D. researchers will deal with the role of international (human rights) law in the global city’s approach to urgent societal challenges of the twenty-first century. While each of the four Ph.D.